Q1. Anti-GBM disease is an autoimmune condition of known pathogenesis but unclear etiology. All of the following statements are true regarding its pathogenesis, except :
- (1) It is an autoimmune disease against alpha 3 chain of type III collagen.
- (2) Shock wave lithotripsy may rarely lead to GBM antibodies and clinical disease in susceptible individuals.
- (3) Approximately 50% of kidney recipients with Alport syndrome after receiving kidney from healthy donor develop anti-GBM antibodies; only a few of these patients have graft failure because of anti-GBM disease.
- (4) Anti-GBM antibody disease has a strong positive association with the HLA-DR15 haplotype, which is found in more that 80% of patients with anti-GBM antibody disease.