Section A
Q1.
(a) How many half-lives must elapse before the activity of a radioactive isotope decreases to 2% of its initial value? How long is this time for 14C (carbon 14 isotope), which has a decay rate of 1.21 × 10-4 yr-1?
(b) The moment of the recent Indonesian earthquake has been estimated to be about 1.0 × 1023 Nm. Assume that the fault is horizontal, where slip area is 100 km wide and 1300 km long, and the shear modulus μ = 3.0 × 1010 N/m2, calculate the average displacement on the fault.
(c) Discuss about the origin of the geomagnetic field.
(d) The travel time tij measured for a seismic refraction survey over a two-layered Earth structure with velocities v0 and v1 (v1 > v0) follows the relation tij = (xij)/(v1) + Pi + qj where xij is the horizontal distance between shots (s1 & s2) and Receivers (R1, R2 & R3), Pi & qj are delay times associated with the ith shot and jth receiver positions. Formulate the problem in a standard d = Gm matrix equation, where d is the data, G is the kernel and m is the model parameter matrix.