Section A
Q1.
(a) Why is crystallization of solute a spontaneous process?
(a) Consider a 1.00 kg block of iron at 99 °C placed in contact with a 1.00 kg block of iron at 25 °C. Find the final temperature of the blocks and the amount of heat transferred. For iron, Cp = 444 \text J/K/kg
(b) The O-O bond distances in O2, O2^- and O2^{2-} are found respectively to be 1.21 Å, 1.28 Å and 1.49 Å. Justify in the light of molecular orbital energy level diagram.
(c) Cesium chloride (CsCl) crystal has a cubic structure in which Cs^+ ions occupy the centre position of a unit cell and its corner positions are occupied by all Cl^- ions. If the ionic radii of Cs^+ ion and Cl^- ion are 0.169 nm and 0.181 nm, respectively, compute the lattice parameter, a.
(d) State the factors contributing to liquid junction potential. Suggest ways to minimize it.
(e) How is the smoke in horror films made? Explain it with the help of phase diagram also.